Humanin

Humanin is a 24-amino acid mitochondrial-derived peptide originally discovered in surviving neurons of Alzheimer's disease patients. It's encoded within the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene and represents one of the first identified mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs). Humanin primarily functions as a neuroprotective agent with powerful cytoprotective effects against various stressors, including oxidative stress, ischemia, and amyloid-beta toxicity. It works through multiple mechanisms, including activating cell survival pathways (STAT3, ERK1/2), inhibiting apoptotic pathways, and improving mitochondrial function. Beyond neuroprotection, Humanin enhances glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity, exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, and protects cardiovascular tissues. Research suggests declining Humanin levels with age may contribute to age-related neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic dysfunction, making it a promising therapeutic target for conditions like Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders.