VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)

VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide) is a 28-amino acid neuropeptide that is widely distributed throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as in the gut, lungs, and other organs. It belongs to the secretin/glucagon family of peptides. VIP exerts its effects by binding to VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors, leading to a variety of physiological actions. It is a potent vasodilator, relaxes smooth muscle (in the gut, airways, and blood vessels), stimulates intestinal water and electrolyte secretion, modulates immune function (generally anti-inflammatory), and acts as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in the brain, influencing circadian rhythms, learning, and memory. VIP is being investigated for its therapeutic potential in conditions like inflammatory bowel disease, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and neurodegenerative diseases due to its anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and vasodilatory properties.